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involuntary

involuntary

73 5.4
Not done on purpose and not under a person's control
  • adjective
  • /ˌɪnˈvɑːlənˌtɛri/
translation icon : involuntario
  • The doctor explained that the patient's seizures were an involuntary reaction to the medication.
  • involuntary movements
  • voluntary or involuntary
  • involuntary servitude

You could say that they're neither involuntary nor voluntary.

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Examples

  • She made an involuntary movement when the loud noise startled her.

  • I just did something involuntary.

  • I'm sorry, that was an involuntary response.

  • Those kinds of involuntary restrictions on the rights of refugees are wrong.

  • It was an involuntary reflex.

  • Huntington's disease affects the central nervous system and causes involuntary jerky movements and double vision.

    Academic text (2012)
  • His laughter was involuntary, triggered by the joke he heard unexpectedly.

Synonyms

unconscious
vsinvoluntary
108 4.1

Not aware of what you do or not acting on purpose

focuses on absence of awareness rather than force against someone's will
automatic
vsinvoluntary
48 3.7

Done without thinking, like a quick natural reaction

describes lack of conscious control but stresses reflexive not unwilling action
unintentional
vsinvoluntary
26 4.1

Happening by accident

implies lack of intention, not necessarily opposition to a person's will
unbidden
vsinvoluntary
5 7.5

Happening on its own without being asked or wanted

is used more broadly for actions not done by conscious choice
nonvoluntary
vsinvoluntary
8.0

An action that happens without a person choosing or controlling it

is the usual term for acts done without conscious control or against will
uncommanded
vsinvoluntary
8.1

Occurs without a person's control and not on purpose, like a sudden laugh

is applied generally to acts lacking conscious control rather than intentional acts

Antonyms

voluntary
  • Specialized
11 3.9

Done on purpose by a person, not without thinking

Compounds

involuntary muscle
  • Specialized
1 4.2

A muscle in organs like the stomach or bladder that works without you thinking, not the heart

A right not to be forced to work against your will

involuntary trust
  • Specialized
9.9

A court decision giving property to someone who unjustly lost it

How Voluntary

deliberate
125 4.1
willing
1.0
reluctant
247 3.5
involuntary
73 5.4
automatic
48 3.7

Surface Forms

involuntary positive
involuntarily comparative
involuntariest superlative

Morphology

involuntary = voluntary (transparent) = in + volunt + ary

The prefix 'in-' straightforwardly negates 'voluntary', giving the meaning 'not voluntary' or 'not under the will'.

Etymology

Involuntary comes from the parts in- meaning 'not' and voluntary, which comes from a root meaning 'will' or 'wish' and appears in the word volunteer. So an involuntary action is one done 'not by will', something you do without choosing or without thinking.