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to confound

to confound

22 7.0
Make someone unable to think clearly
  • verb
  • /kənˈfaʊnd/
translation icon : desconcertar
  • But I'm pleased to say you've confounded them and outdone yourself.
  • confound our expectations
  • confounding variables
  • confounding effect

And it it, it, it it just confounds me.

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Examples

  • I feel surrounded, confounded.

  • This is something that has confounded all of science and all of medicine for a very long time.

  • And that is why this case has confounded me like no other.

  • But the other thing that has confounded me over COVID is who and what to believe.

  • Your Majesty leaves me quite confounded.

  • You confound me.

  • Well, frankly, Arthur, I'm confounded.

  • St. James stared at her for a long moment, as if confounded, and then, suddenly, he laughed.

    Fiction book (1994)
  • Virginia's bombshell about Alexa had caught Edmund unawares, rendering him confounded but not shocked or disapproving.

    Fiction book (1990)
  • The complex puzzle completely confounded me, leaving me unsure of how to proceed.

Synonyms

to throw
vsto confound
321 7.8

To make someone feel confused or unsure

produces confusion more directly in thinking rather than emotional upset
to confuse
vsto confound
266 1.9

Make someone unable to think clearly or make something hard to understand

is identical in effect causing inability to think clearly
to puzzle
vsto confound
73 4.9

To make someone feel confused when something is hard to understand

creates mental confusion more directly rather than merely causing difficulty explaining
to baffle
vsto confound
65 5.3

To make someone very confused and unable to understand

is about creating mental confusion rather than presenting a mysterious problem
to boggle
vsto confound
58 7.2

To be so surprised or confused that you hesitate and cannot think clearly

creates confusion without relying on surprise or amazement
to perplex
vsto confound
35 6.3

To make someone confused and unable to understand

is similar but focuses on general mental confusion rather than puzzlement
to muddle
vsto confound
33 4.8

Mix things up so they are unclear

focuses on causing mental confusion rather than physical mixing
to bewilder
vsto confound
29 5.3

Make someone very confused and unable to think clearly

is the same general confusion but without extra emphasis on puzzlement
to mystify
vsto confound
28 6.5

To make someone confused by making something seem mysterious

causes plain confusion without adding mystery or secrecy
to dumbfound
vsto confound
17 7.0

To surprise someone so much that they cannot speak or answer

produces confusion more as mental inability rather than shock
to befuddle
vsto confound
11 7.8

To make someone very confused so they cannot think clearly

matches this strong mental confusion but with no extra nuance
to bemuse
vsto confound
11 7.5

To make someone feel confused or unable to understand

produces clearer inability to think rather than a light daze
to flummox
vsto confound
7 8.6

To confuse someone so they do not know what to do or think

causes the same inability to think clearly without extra helplessness
to addle
vsto confound
6 8.9

To make a person confused and unable to think clearly

is similar but stated more generally as causing confusion
to discombobulate
vsto confound
  • Informal
6 9.9

To confuse someone so they cannot think clearly

is similar but is often used more simply for confusion
to bedevil
vsto confound
2 8.2

Cause ongoing trouble and confusion for people or things

is the immediate act of making someone unable to think clearly
to fuddle
vsto confound
1 9.4

To confuse someone and make them unable to think clearly

shares the confused state but is a plainer expression
to fox
vsto confound
8.9

To confuse someone so they cannot think clearly

causes confusion more directly without implying trickery

Antonyms

99 2.5

Make something easier to understand or use

55 4.8

To give someone clear information to help them understand something

Idioms

confound it
  • Archaic
1 9.9

A short phrase people say when they are annoyed

How Confused

to bewilder
29 5.3
to perplex
35 6.3
to confound
22 7.0
to unsettle
7 4.9

Surface Forms

confound infinitive
confounded past
confounded past participle
confounding present participle
confounds third person singular

Morphology

confound = found (opaque) = con + found

Although orthographically analyzable as 'con-' + 'found', the modern verb 'found' (to establish) does not supply the meaning; the sense derives from Latin 'fund-' and is not predictable from 'found'.

Etymology

Confound also comes from the Latin con- 'together' and fundere 'to pour', giving the picture of things being poured into a single jumble. So when something confounds you it 'mixes up' your thoughts and makes you unable to think clearly.