roughened

4.1

A surface like skin that is not smooth and feels dry from cold or wind

adjective
/ˈrʌfənd/

: áspero

After spending all winter outdoors, her hands became roughened from the cold.

Examples

The roughened surface of the stone made it difficult to climb.
The artist preferred to work with roughened canvases, believing they added character to the painting.
I read the bottle just then and it says application for roughened skin, half a bottle of glycerin.

Synonyms

rough

vsroughened

164 1.0

Not smooth and often harsh in sound

is specifically a change from exposure affecting surfaces or skin rather than any uneven thing

textured

vsroughened

13 4.1

Having a surface you can feel that is not smooth

is usually an effect of exposure rather than an intentional surface pattern

chapped

vsroughened

7 2.7

Skin that is rough, dry, often cracked from cold or wind

is made uneven by environmental exposure without necessarily drying or cracking

weather-beaten

vsroughened

3 6.6

Having a rough, worn look after being outdoors in sun or wind

is made uneven by exposure without the long worn appearance

chappy

vsroughened

7.3

Skin or lips that are dry and cracked from cold wind

is caused by exposure and also applies to surfaces, not only skin or lips

rough-textured

vsroughened

3.7

A surface that feels bumpy or not smooth to the touch

is caused by environmental exposure rather than being just a surface pattern

coarse-textured

vsroughened

4.9

Having a rough surface that feels slightly scratchy

is made uneven by exposure rather than by large natural grains or shaping

coarsened

vsroughened

6.5

Rough and less refined because of hard work and harsh conditions

is caused by environmental exposure without implying loss of refinement

roughish

vsroughened

5.4

Feels slightly rough to the touch

is clearly more strongly altered by exposure rather than only slightly uneven

roughhewn

vsroughened

8.2

Stone or wood that has a not smooth surface made with simple tools

is produced by human shaping and lack of finish rather than environmental exposure

rough-cut

vsroughened

Specialized

4.9

Shaped but not smoothed or fully finished

is about manual unfinished cutting rather than becoming uneven from exposure

Antonyms

smooth

256 1.0

A surface that is even and not rough

How Rough

coarse

26 3.7

cracked

2.0

roughened

4.1

textured

13 4.1

smooth

256 1.0

Surface Forms

roughened positive

Morphology

roughened = roughen (transparent) = rough + en + ed

The addition of '-ed' to the verb 'roughen' produces the past participle/adjectival form meaning 'made rough', which is straightforward for learners.

Etymology

The word roughened comes from the simple word rough and the ending -en, which means 'make', so roughened literally means 'made rough', like skin that wind, cold, or hard work has made not smooth.