ib.

Examples

• All

• Refer to Smith (1999), p. 42; ib., p. 45 for further discussion.

• The article lists three sources, with the second and third referenced as ib. in the bibliography.

• The study by Dr. Smith concluded that ib. the results were significant.

• See Johnson (2020) for more details; ib. describes the methodology.

• Refer to Smith (1999), p. 42; ib., p. 45 for further discussion.

• The same author is cited again as ib. in the next footnote.

• See Johnson (2020) for more details; ib. describes the methodology.

Synonyms

I

ibid.

vsib.

• Formal

5 9.9

Shows the same book or article as the reference before it

is the shorter written form used instead of the full phrase

I

ibidem

vsib.

• Formal

1 9.9

A word writers use in notes to show the source is the same as the one above

is the abbreviated written form rather than the full word

Surface Forms

Etymology