exine

Examples

• All

• In species of Najas and the sea-grass Amphibolis, the exine is lacking altogether (see references in Philbrick and Osborn 1994).

  Academic text (1996)

• An impressive convergence involves changes in the exine and the manner of pollen dispersal.

  Academic text (1996)

• For terrestrial flowers, the exine also functions as a reservoir of substances involved in genetic self-incompatibility.

  Academic text (1996)

• Kress (1986) suggested that the exine is an endpoint of selection on pollen-stigma interactions rather than on factors that operate during pollen transfer.

  Academic text (1996)

• Because such substances may be labile or rapidly leached out in water, selection for exine retention in water-pollinated plants may be minimal (Les 1988a).

  Academic text (1996)

• The exine provides a protective barrier for the pollen grain against environmental stressors.

• Researchers studied how the exine influences pollen grain viability during fertilization.

• The detailed structure of the exine helps in the classification of different plant species.

Surface Forms

Etymology